Application Of Feminist Therapy With Immigrant Women

Application of Feminist Therapy with Immigrant Women Isabella Dzidefo Asamoah University of Colorado, Denver Abstract In this paper, I discuss the use of feminist therapy in working with immigrant women. Immigrant women in the United States continue to be excluded from immigration conversations and face similar if not more stressors upon migration. Feminist theory acknowledges the experiences of immigrant women and considers various aspects of their wellbeing including their immigrant status. The use of feminist therapy with immigrant women empowers them to examine the many ways societal conditions have contributed to their distress and provides them with the tools, skills and resources to make personal and societal change.†¦show more content†¦Thus, I believe that immigrant women face additional stressors and experience stressors differently than their nonimmigrant counterparts. According to Sinacore et al., (year) immigrant women in the US experience additional stressors due â€Å"ethnicity, gender†¦ adjustment with social, economic and cultur al factors† of their new country. The limitations imposed due to immigrant women’s sociopolitical status as less than to men and those women born in the US, has harrowing consequences. Thus, therapists’ use of feminist approach provides a framework in understanding the mental health concerns and the psychological oppression imposed on both gender and immigration status (Yakushko and Chronister, 2005). As such, the work of feminist counseling is to conceptualize and explain some of the common experiences and difficulties associated with the social roles women endure (cite). From gendered violence to limited economic resources and opportunities to unrealistic media portrayal, immigrant women are at risk of developing and suffering from emotional and psychological trauma. Women are forced to ingest the stereotypical demands of society, they become burdened and are averted from living self-defined and meaningful lives (Yahushko and Morgan-Consoli, 2013). Feminist practitioners see many of the experiences and difficulties expressed by women to be associated with the societal roles that women (and men) play and find that they can be limiting to theirShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHartman Strom, Political Woman : Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by MichaelRead MoreImproving the Lives of HIV Positive People7695 Words   |  31 PagesBehavioral Health offers mental health internships that provide training in a co-occurring disorders facility. Interns would get the opportunity to participate in the screening/ intake process as well as experience psychoeducational groups and individual therapy. We are currently certified as field instructors for University of Maryland at Baltimore and McDaniel College. If you attend another college and are interested in BBH as a field placement please contact Lindsey Miner at 410-962-7180 extension 204

Critical Pedagogy The Study of Oppression in Education

In the education world, the topic of critical pedagogy will be introduced to many. Before one can discuss critical pedagogy, one must know the meaning of it. Critical pedagogy is known to many as the study of oppression in education. It includes how issues of sex, race, gender, culture, and other social factors shape education. Critical pedagogy is also known by many as how teaching and learning takes place. An example of critical pedagogy is when students are able to ask why and respond or challenge questions that are asked in a free manner. When thinking of critical pedagogy, one must think of going beyond the first level of the meaning of a word, topic, or issue. When it comes to social philosophy and its place in curricula,†¦show more content†¦Because I felt that certain skills were more important than others for students to make a successful make a living in today’s society, I had to teach certain lessons at different times. Some schools are on block schedu le, which is a shorter time span to cover material. Because the school I had taught at was on a block schedule, I had to make sure students learned and understood certain concepts. Most of those concepts that I taught were also need for students to know for the next level of math that students would have to take. I made sure that the students that were going straight into the workforce had acquired the math skills needed as well as those that were college bound. As an aspiring educational leader, I constantly have balance my personal philosophy with conflicting philosophies of colleagues, policy makers, parents, and so forth. Because currently, I am a school counselor and I always try not to impose my true feelings upon others . At times I may not agree with the person I am having a counseling session with, but I still do not impose my beliefs on the person. My education and training helps me to show my conflicting views in a tactful way. It also helps me to not be as confro ntational as others may be seen as. At times I have to express my educational philosophy to get others to think of certain issues in another way. Some persons may not think of another way that an issue can be viewed unless they are asked or given another way to doShow MoreRelatedThe Components Elements Of Education1597 Words   |  7 PagesEducation comes in different philosophies and is a crucial element in every civilization. When a country is oppressed, one of the first things the oppressor tries to take over and get control is their education. The reason is because with education, one can give or withhold any kind of information and shape the nation in the way they see appropriate. With the exception of oppressed individuals, education teaches their society who they are, what is the nature of their environment, and how does theRead MoreThe Humanities Curriculum Project: A Case Study1237 Words   |  5 Pagespresent aim of secondary education is to reflect enduring values suc h as commitment to the virtues of honesty, trust, duty and justice, because they contribute to a healthy and sustainable society. In order to illustrate how the United Kingdom chose to cope with the challenges of globalization, the Humanities Curriculum Project is an interesting case study. The key question as posed by Director Stenhouse was how to better address the aspirations of secondary education for everybody,  regardlessRead MoreDifferent Types Of Adult Learning1744 Words   |  7 Pages Emancipatory Education Project Name: Course: Instructor: Date: Introduction Emancipatory is among the different types of adult learning. 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However, as Susan Jones (2002) argues, student’s ability to actively participate in all aspects of their service-learning experience depends on â€Å"the intersection of the student’s own background. . . , developmental readiness for such a learning experience, and the privileging conditions that put a college studentRead MoreTheoretical Framework of the Study1189 Words   |  5 PagesAs seen in the previous literature, much of the empirical research in the last twenty years has focused on documenting the positive student outcomes associated with service-learning. Despite this focus, only few studies have also explored the role individual characteristics play in participation in such outcomes. Susan Jones (2002), for example, finds that the student’s ability to actively participate in all aspects of her/his servi ce-learning experience depends on â€Å"the intersection of the student’sRead MoreCritical Whiteness in Education Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesTheoretical Framework of the Study As seen in the previous literature, empirical research in the last twenty years reveals the positive student outcomes associated to service-learning. However, as Susan Jones (2002) argues, â€Å"the student’s ability to engage with all aspects of their service-learning courses depends on the interaction of their own sociocultural backgrounds, developmental readiness for such learning to occur, and the privileging conditions that situate college students in communityRead MoreLiterature Review: Ideas of Social Justice and Equity in Psychology and Education1121 Words   |  5 Pagesadvancements, range, globalization, along with the eco-friendly environment. 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Brian Franks Essay Example For Students

Brian Franks Essay Dr. Dave BorkowskiIntro to LiteratureMarch 6, 2003 The Talk of the TownWhat makes a man a man, and a woman a woman? This is an easy questionto answer, but sometimes we draw lines that arent really there. There arepeople in this world that are innocent and others who follow the sinfulways of true life. Now, when we think of men, we think of leaders, who arestrong people and they can protect the weak and the innocent, from thosewho are sinful. When we think of women, we tend to think of the nurturingthat helps raise children to love. Think about the awful things that happenduring war. Each person who is born in the world has to have a mother. Themother teaches her child to love and to cherish life and people. Then whydo they let them go to war? The horrors of war and the meaningless behindit show up in the Vietnam War. United States Marines, Army, Navy, AirForce, and other forces as well, must keep this country alive and fight forits freedom. Without these fighters the world as these p eople know it,would end. There has to sacrifice right? Well, two Vietnam veterans andtheir mother will tell you their stories about how and what went throughtheir minds, then and now. Good Evening. My name is Ron Kovic, and I am, or I should say, was amarine in the United States Marine Corp. I served my country and I realizedthat I dont know what to feel for it any more. I had lost faith in myreligion, my family, and myself. It has been rough times to think aboutwhat had happened over there, but it bothers me to this day.Oh Ron, please dont lie to the people like this, Rons mother said. Mom, why would I lie about the truth?I dont know what happened to you over there, but you have gone nuts. Areyou on drugs?Am I on drugs? Mom I am your son, how can you say that Im on drugs!I wasnt saying, I was asking you. Youve changed a lot from my littleboy, I once knew.Did it ever occur to you that Im not your little boy anymore? Forgoodness sake, Im almost thirty now. I had one hell of a time out thereand all you can say to me is, Are you on drugs? Maybe you should thinkabout what I did, what happened to me! You act as if you dont care! Im ina goddamn wheelchair! Why the hell dont you come to your senses? War isreal. It kills people. Innocent people, Mom! I killed innocent people!I never raised you to do that. Thats your fathers doing, not mine. Dontblame me for that!Oh bull! You told me to go! You told me you had a dream. Now your dreamhas become a nightmare. You cant face the facts mom. Your little boy isdead! Not dead as in dead, but dead as in gone. Im lost. What I did inVie tnam made me see the real world! I killed someones sons and daughters. I killed them! They arent alive anymore! And for what reason, huh? Why? SoI could come home and you could boast about me being a hero. Im not a damnhero! Im not your little boy! I shot one of my own men. I shot a freakingmarine! What for? Whyd he have to die? Im a lost cause! Im a failure!Youre not a failure, a small voice could be heard from the corner of theroom. Victor Marquez and his mother, Angelina, enter the room. Ron andVictor were war buddies in Vietnam. Ron recognizes Victor immediately. .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f , .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f .postImageUrl , .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f , .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f:hover , .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f:visited , .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f:active { border:0!important; } .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f:active , .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4350c658275a9d6f8124be61d643d53f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Corporal Punishment Is Physical Abuse EssayIts not your fault you killed those people.It is my fault and it is my problem that I have to live with for the restof my life. Yea thats right, lucky me! I have a life to live! Sure, whythe heck not. I live in pain and suffering of what I saw and did and my ownmother, my own freaking mother cant see eye to eye with me! Why go on? Whydidnt I die?You killed innocent people. So did I. I burned bodies and whats worse, Iloved it! I loved what I did for my country and Id go back in a heartbeat. Yea, it was tough. But get over yourself. Whats done is done. Moveon. You killed people so that we can have the freedoms we have today. Without those freedoms, we can not fight, we can not stand up for ourbeliefs, and we can not live.Youre a sick man, you know that, Victor. You piece of crap (Ronstarts to tear up and lose control.)Angelina Marquez stands up and says, Mrs. Kovic, you have to understandwhat these boys went through. They killed and slaughtered innocent people. Yes they were fighting for us. Thats me and you, Mrs. Kovic. Our boysfought for us and there is nothing that would make me happier than to havea boy grow up and save us from the evils of this world. If my boy had tokill millions of people just to eat, then so be it. Our boys are alive;cant you be happy about that at least? Cant you see that your son put hislife on the line for you? I have lost my faith in Jesus and in god. I haverealized that people live and die. There are no reasons, they just happen. Wars are fought because people disagree, not because god told them to doit. You have to understand that people have minds, and that life is notgiven to us, or taken from us, life is death. To be alive is to die, and todie is to re-grow as grass for the world. There is nothing more than that,Mrs. Kovic.There is a saying in the military, There are no atheists in foxholes,now that might be true before you die while at battle, because you want tobe somewhere else, but that fact is if you live, you lose all hope. Youcant think god will save you. Why would he? You killed people. Isnt oneof the commandments, though shall not kill? So why have war? Why fight?Ron said. Ron, you are my son, but I cant have you not believe in god, for thebetter of our family. You show a bad influence to your brothers andsisters. I cant think that I raised you to be this way. Ron, you have tounderstand why I feel this way. I feel this way for the better of ourfamily. So they dont see the realities of the world and how horrible itis. I look at you and see a disaster. I dont want my family to think thatthat is what life is like. Not all lives have to be happy, some arent. What you have realize is that its better to be ignorant than unhappy.Mom, I am your son. Ive seen the real world. Ive seen what can happento, even the best of people. I dont believe in god, because I see too muchevil the life. You must understand that I am alive and because I am alive,you have to believe that god saved me. Thats what you think, that godsaved me. Did he? I feel that god saves no one. No one can save anyone. IfI could save anyone in my life, Id save myself. Not you, not dad, not mybrothers or sisters, or my damn country! Id get rid of the horrors I sawand the horrible things I did. Then maybe youd be in your own dream worldand we can all be happy again, but life is a bitch and death is itsmother.The group continued to talk and it seems that no one will ever getthe upper hand. It seems to me that what people see, hear, and do make aperson who they are. If you are one way, the only way to change that viewis to see it, but sometimes you cant prove it, you just have to bel ieve.

Uniforms In Public School Essay Example For Students

Uniforms In Public School Essay Quality education is critical to the future of Americas children. However, wecannot educate our children in schools where weapons, gang violence, and drugs,threaten their safety. Many local school districts have made uniforms animportant part of an overall program to improve school safety and discipline. Students resort to violence and theft simply to obtain designer clothes or namebrand shoes. This instills a fear among the students and teachers. It is nosecret that violent behavior has become a problem in public schools. For thisreason more and more public schools are entertaining the idea of uniforms to getthe minds of their students off of fashion and onto their education. Manyparents and students support the uniform issue because they feel it makes allthe students equal in the eyes of their peers and teachers. However, manyparents feel that just like installing metal detectors, uniforms are asimplistic solution to a far greater problem. Some experts believe uniformspromise to cut down crime and reduce violence, but only if we take away thatstudents individuality and freedom of expression. What does this promise?Uniforms have been used in an effort to try an reduce crime, and at the sametime, remove peer pressure amongst students to try to fit in so they canconcentrate on their s chool work. President William Clinton agrees with thissaying If uniforms can help deter school violence, promote discipline, andfoster a better learning environment, then we should show strong support to theparents that try them.(21) By mandating uniforms in public school, schoolofficials hope to see a reduction in crime and violence. According tostatistics, there are notable decreases in school violence and illegal offensesafter the enactment of a school uniform or standardized dress code policy.(Lewis)Can uniforms really help in deterring violence and crime? Many parents andteachers say yes. Supporters of uniforms say social and economic classes wouldno longer be revealed by students clothing and the school system will havemore of a sense of community.(Nittel) Providing that a childs clothes doesmake a difference in school violence, then uniforms are exactly what ourchildren need. Some parents feel uniforms will put the students emphasis onschoolwork instead of dressing cool, and they will help to lower schoolviolence. Almost five years ago, the Long Beach School District made headlineswhen it became the first school district in the country to make uniformsmandatory for its elementary and middle school students. According to Phoenixschool officials in Long Beach, California, attendance and test scores improved,incidents of students fighting decreased by 50%, student crimes decreased by 36%and student suspensions decreased by 32% after they enacted a uniformpolicy.(Will) Also other there were other steps to improve student behavior. We will write a custom essay on Uniforms In Public School specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Increasing the number of teachers patrolling the hallways during class changes,were also taken by the district around the same time the uniform policy wasintroduced. Dress codes were initiated in private schools as a standard. Asviolence, competition between students, and distractions from the educationalsystem increased in public schools, administrators began to consider uniforms asa solution to the problem. In Baltimore, Maryland, school administrators found a44% drop in assault and battery charges, a 50% reduction in assault with adeadly weapon, a 41% cut in occurrences of fighting and a 74% drop in sexualoffenses. They also found drug abuse to be down by 89% and vandalism had droppedby 8%.(Stacey) These results and others caused many school districts to consideruniforms for their own schools. Uniforms seem to give students a sense ofresponsibility. It says that clothing is not that important. With thisrealization the students began to forget about their clothes and refocused thei rattention on education. Consequently their test scores and attitudes improved. One teacher stated that I have never seen so many children change theiroverall attitude in the classroom in just a matter of a few weeks. Studiesshow school uniforms are more successful in elementary schools, where studentsare not so intent on their individuality.(Stover) And, experts recommend placingstudents in uniforms at a young age so they become accustomed to a program. Thisallows there to be no focus on material items and the childrens focus remainson education from the start. Stover(1990) states that most supporters ofuniforms agree the program will not succeed unless school officials gain thesupport of a large majority of parents from the beginning. President BillClinton endorsed school uniforms in his 1996 State of the Union Address, andthis endorsement was followed by the distribution of a United States Departmentof Education Manual on School Uniforms to the nations 16,000 schooldistricts. This manual is used as a guide to help schools incorporate uniformpolicies and stan dardized dress codes into their extensive safe school programs. The decision whether to adopt a uniform policy is made by states, local schooldistricts, and schools. For uniforms to be a success, as with all other schoolprograms, the parents and teachers must be involved. The following informationfrom Time Magazine, provides parents, teachers, and school leaders in whether toadopt a school uniform policy. 1. Get parents involved from the beginning. 2. Protect students religious expression. a. A school uniform policy mustaccommodate students whose religious beliefs are burdened by a uniform policy. 3. Protect students other rights of expression. a. A uniform policy may notprohibit students from wearing or displaying expressive items, as long as theydo not disrupt the rights of others. 4. Determine whether to have a voluntary ormandatory uniform policy. 5. When a mandatory school uniform policy is adopted,determine whether to have an opt-out provision. a. This means parents givetheir children the consent to opt out of the school uniform requirements. As a result of this manual, many local communities are deciding to adopt schooluniform policies. California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland,New York, Tennessee, Utah and Virginia have enacted school uniform regulationsMany large public school systems including Baltimore, Cincinnati, Dayton, LosAngeles, Long Beach, Miami, Memphis, Milwaukee, Nashville, New Orleans, Phoenix,Seattle, and St. Louis have schools with either voluntary or mandatoryuniform policies, mostly in elementary and middle schools. Many educators saythat uniforms are more cost effective than regular clothing (LaPoint). Theaverage cost of uniforms is $65-75 per year for a set of three uniforms. Theycan be purchased at discount stores, department stores or uniform suppliers. .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32 , .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32 .postImageUrl , .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32 , .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32:hover , .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32:visited , .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32:active { border:0!important; } .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32:active , .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32 .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc7fb4905dc37b7d1a09f389dea0ffe32:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bipolar Disorder 4 EssayBesides saving parents hundreds of dollars, school uniforms help to erase thelines between social classes. The uniforms help to create an equality betweenthe have and the have-nots. However, there are a number of parents, teachers,students, and agencies that strongly oppose the concept of standardized dresscodes and uniforms. Unnecessary disciplinary actions on students often becomecounterproductive, creating rejection and sometimes rebellion against schoolofficials. For these and other reasons the American Civil Liberties Union havesided with parents and students in the fight against uniforms in public schools. The American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU) adamantly criticized Bill Clintonsschool uniform experiment because it like virtually every other uniformpolicy in the country, applies only to elementary and middle school students,and not to teenagers (Siegel). Their argument is that adolescence is a timewhen the student wants to express his or her individuality and thereforeuniforms should not even be considered in the high school. According to LorenSiegel, Director of the Public Education Department, and the American CivilLiberties Union, implementing mandatory school uniforms is dangerous becauseit gives the community a false sense of security. It is like putting a smallbandage on an enormous wound, instead of attempting to find ways to truly dealwith the bleeding. By instilling a uniform policy, the ACLU feel that,students will become agitated by the uniforms and find other ways of expressingtheir individuality. The Supreme Court ruled in 1969 that clothing is a mode ofself-expression a nd as such, protected under the First Amendment. Therefore, sayexperts, public schools must offer parents the right to decline to have theirchildren wear uniforms. Those students that do not wear them cannot be punished. For a public school uniform policy to be legal, it has to have an opt-outprovision (Siegel). This means that every child has the right to a publicschool education, and that right must not be unconditional without compromise ofa school uniform policy of standardized dress code. Lack of group identificationis considered one of the significant reasons opponents of the school uniformsand standardized dress codes use. Lewis(1996) argued that uniforms preventstudents from finding membership with other students with similar identities.Critics complain that the uniforms will lessen childrens individualism andcreativity, which infringes on his or her rights. If given a choice, it is hardto imagine that most or even many teenagers will opt to wear the uniforms. Withall the wonderful statistics about how uniforms are helping to improve violence, is there another side? Yes, the American Civil Liberties Union ofMassachusetts reported that due to the new release of uniforms in Laurence Highschool, attendance of students has dropped rapidly and 600 students have beengiven detention and 200 suspended. This did exactly the opposite of whatuniforms are suppose to accomplish. If policy makers are serious aboutfinding solutions to the problem of school violence, maybe they should ask thereal experts: the students themselves. The ACLU recently conducted a series offocus groups with high school students asking them what would help reduceviolence in school. Uniforms did not make the list. Their suggestion: 1. Sinceschool violence mimics that of society at large, schools should seriouslyconfront and discuss issues of racism and cultural conflict. 2. School entrancesshould be secured. 3. More extracurricular activities and clubs should beestablished. 4. Open-mike assemblies should be held to give students theopportunity to express themselves. 5. Conflict resolution programs should betaught. 6. Programs to help students find part-time jobs should be established. 7. Safe corridor programs should be supported to protect the safety ofstudents as they go to and from school. Political leaders seem to be adamantlypromoting uniforms. They are doing this while there are crumbling schoolbuildings, overcrowded classrooms and decreasing education funds. Attractive,modern and safe school buildings, small class sizes, schools with well stockedlibraries, new computers and an assortment of elective courses like music,drama, and art are the kinds of changes that would produce long lasting anddramatic improvements in student achievement. But by doing this that wouldrequire the government to get involved more than they want. So they nextpossible source is uniforms. The ACLU argues that the government is trying tofind a quick fix to problems in the schools with the use of uniforms. Theysay that the solutions of the problems of school violence, low morale and lowself-esteem, inappropriate appearance and more, should be found with thestudents themselves (Siegel) . Also, by adding increased police officers andteachers patrolling the hallways, the students would be better behaved. Adolescence is a time when young people want to express their uniqueness andindividuality in many different ways, the most influential form of expressionfor them is fashion. While younger children may be amenable to uniforms might even like them teenagers are different. (Siegel) Norman Isaacs, theprincipal of Millikan Middle School in Sherman Oaks, California., has voicedopposition to uniforms, saying that students need to learn to make choicesand decisions based on internal values, rather than functioning with arbitraryrules that set the limits for them. Only then, he says, can they learn tothink for themselves and develop self-discipline. Others also argue thatstudent dress serves as a barometer of what is going on with the studentand can signal problems such as drugs, gang membership, or sexual abuse. Uniforms would eliminate a warning system that lets teachers and administratorsidentify and rescue students who need help. Lastly, a uniform policy penalizeseveryone instead of focusing on the small percentage of kids causing theproblems. Most reports on the uniform issue indicate that the elementary andmiddle schools are showing great improvement, however, by not using them in thehigh schools, where crime is worst, do uniforms help at all? There are nostatistics on how uniforms are doing in high school. This is because no one isusing them in public school. Townsend (1996, p?) explained that the olderstudents get the less they will like the uniforms. This is what kept theprincipal of Long Beach High and the board of education from institutinguniforms in the high school. We feared it would be an invitation to opendefiance and civil liberties. Its well-known that adolescence is a timewhen young people want to express individuality. So the thought of wearinguniforms in high school is on e to be avoided. Seigel(1990, p ?) states thatof course as several political cartoonist have pungently observed, teens arealready in uniform baggy pants, T-shirts and baseball caps worn backward.But these types of uniforms are clothes that the teens chosethemselves, and are not chosen for them. For these reason says Seigel, (1990,p?) school administrators and teachers know that teenagers will rebel againstuniform policies; that is why they have been reluctant to put them in the highschool level. Required uniforms present a real dilemma. If the junior or seniorhigh school is a place that the students genuinely likea place where they arerespected, where they are proud of their achievements and those of others, andwhere they are consulted about the value of uniforms, they may well accept them. .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78 , .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78 .postImageUrl , .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78 , .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78:hover , .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78:visited , .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78:active { border:0!important; } .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78:active , .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78 .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucc73e0b3f1f0140ee6f0c823f87c0f78:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mrs Dalloway-Time Essay(Howe II) In the earlier years, little children, who have not yet learned toquestion adults, will almost certainly accept them. But students in secondaryschools without are likely to find ways to rebel against the enforcers ofrequired uniforms. Could uniforms work in the high school? According to KateDunnagan of Broughtan High this is not true. According to Dunnagan studentbodies are developing and changing constantly. Students wear what is flatteringand comfortable. It could be embarrassing to wear the same outfit as everyoneelse and look bad in it. The shape or design of a standard uniform may not beright for every individual. It appears the reason s for not implementinguniform policies in the high schools are simple. Teenagers will reject them. Nolonger young enough to be persuaded, teenagers express themselves on how theyfeel, and to them uniforms feel wrong. Adolescence is when they discover whothey really are, and what styles they like. They can not discover this bylooking like each other day in and day out. So what does this then say to theelementary and jr. high students? That once they reach high school they wonthave to wear uniforms, and they can go back to their old ways? How does thishelp? It doesnt. With this attitude crime and violence will only get worse. High school will become a place of freedom of uniforms, instead of the learningenvironment that uniforms are suppose to provide. Conformity helps students tobehave better, learn, and achieve more in and out of the classroom (Forbes,Malcolm, p26). The self esteem of a child is increased when he or she learns andfeels equal to his peers. Little information was found regarding the thoughtsand views of students themselves. However, last year students at Briton Middleschool in New Jersey polled 5 senior classes, asking them how the felt aboutuniforms. One student responded saying This is just another tactic to tryand remove more of our privileges. (New Jersey Times, p23) In addition toparents, school officials and governments authorities having input, so shouldthe students that will be wearing the uniforms. Problems at home, at school, atchurch, and public places occur when attire worn by children become adistraction and a disruption in their environment. When this occurs othermethods mu st be devised to get the students mind off of material things andback to school work. These methods must begin with the parents. If parentsmonitor what their children wear then they can solve many problems that mayoccur. Are uniforms a good idea for your district? According to Dr. Hilfer,strict dress codes are not for everybody Some schools thrive onpermissiveness and individuality, while others have to be more restrictive tocontain a restless student body. Before making a uniform decision, hesuggests that schools carefully consider their unique populations; what kind ofmessage they want to send to their students; and whether or not the think theirchildren will go for it. Dr. Hilfer warns, By instituting a uniform policy,schools are taking away kids individuality schools need to decide if thatsacrifice is really worth making. It is apparent that no single program oraction alone, will solve the problems facing public schools today. Schooluniforms and standardized dress codes must b e a small part of a larger programto eliminate violence, competition, and distractions from education. Schoolsmust incorporate dress codes along with other programs to help remove violence,and at the same time build self-esteem and school pride among the students andteachers. Finally, it will take the cooperation of parents, students, and schoolofficials to make this program work. Ultimately, the goal for all us is to putthe minds of students off of clothes and back on education. BibliographyPolacheck, Karin, (1995, September 28). Uniforms Help Solve Many SchoolProblems. Long Beach Press-Telegram, (Online) 13 paragraphs. Available:http://www.lbusd.k12.ca.us/uniform/uniformp.htm. Stacey, Julie, (1995, August22). Todays Debate: Dressing For School. USA Today (Online) 15 paragraphs. Available: http://www.lbusd.k12.ca.us/uniform.uniformg.htm. Siegel, Loren. Pointof View: School Uniforms (Press release online). American Civil Liberties Unionweb page, http://www.aclu.org/issues/student/pres.html U.S Department ofEducation, (1996). Manual on School Uniforms. (Government document). U.S. Houseof Representatives. House Bill Number 2532 (Online). Available: http://www.dos.state.fl.us/fgils/feds.html(No date). Associated Press, (1995, September 9). New Dress Code, Rule Shake UpMemphis School. The Chattanooga Times (Newspaper article), 18 paragraphs. http://www.hcrhs.hunterdon.k12.nj.us/english/willie/uniform3.htm http://www.bcsd.org/bhs/trap/oparts/march02.htmhttp://www.kidpub/School_Uniforms-Chelle.html http://inet.ed.gov/updates/uniforms.htmlhttp://www.aclu.org/congress/uniform.html http://inet.ed.gov/PressReleases/02-1996/whpr26.html

Wine essays

Wine essays Have you ever spent more than you should have on a good bottle of wine? You cellared that bottle of wine for years, waiting for that optimal time to open it and share it with friends, only to have the all too familiar foul smell of must, mold, even a cardboard smell overtake your senses and ruin the experience? Numerous tests and personal experience have shown that as much as 10% of all the bottles of wine that incorporate natural corks fall victim to cork taint and some even to oxidation. This dilemma can be even worse, as James Laube points out In a retrospective tasting of 1991 vintage Cabernets, nearly 15 percent of the wines tasted were spoiled by bad corks(Laube). Winemakers and people in the wine industry have always known about this flaw in natural wood corks, yet have been forced to continue using them on their own product due to the lack of other options available. As the time has gone by some possible alternatives have been presented to winemakers and the general public l ike jugs with cheap metal screw caps intended for short term storage, a box where the wine is stored in a plastic bag, and plastic or synthetic corks which dont go through the same process which when natural corks have a run a high risk of becoming tainted. None of these methods caught on and were relegated to the cheapest of wine. Where as now in the last twenty-five years or so, one innovation has risen to the challenge that consumers have placed on the wine industry to heighten their product standards. This being the highly controversial screw-cap,or otherwise known in the wine industry as the Stelvin cap made by a French company named Pechiney Capsules . The Stelvin is generally considered state-of-the-art in screwcap technology(Walker 02). What makes it state-of-the-art is its design, What seals the bottle in a modern screw cap closure is a multiplayer wad of soft plastic on either side of a thin layer of foil. The ...

Types of Scales in Social Science Research

Types of Scales in Social Science Research A scale is a type of composite measure that is composed of several items that have a logical or empirical structure among them. That is, scales make use of differences in intensity among the indicators of a variable. For example, when a question has the response choices of always, sometimes, rarely, and never, this represents a scale because the answer choices are rank-ordered and have differences in intensity. Another example would be strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, strongly disagree. There are several different types of scales. We’ll look at four commonly used scales in social science research and how they are constructed. Likert Scale Likert scales are one of the most commonly used scales in social science research. They offer a simple rating system that is common to surveys of all kinds. The scale is named for the psychologist who created it,  Rensis Likert. One common use of the Likert scale is a survey that asks respondents to offer their opinion on something by stating the level to which they agree or disagree. It often looks like this: Strongly agreeAgreeNeither agree nor disagreeDisagreeStrongly disagree Within the scale, the individual items that compose it are called Likert items. To create the scale, each answer choice is assigned a score (for instance, 0-4), and the answers for several Likert items (that measure the same concept) can be added together for each individual to obtain an overall Likert score. For example, let’s say that were interested in measuring prejudice against women. One method would be to create a series of statements reflecting prejudiced ideas, each with the Likert response categories listed above. For example, some of the statements might be, Women shouldn’t be allowed to vote, or Women can’t drive as well as men. We would then assign each of the response categories a score of 0 to 4 (for example, assign a score of 0 to strongly disagree, a 1 to disagree, a 2 to neither agree or disagree, etc.). The scores for each of the statements would then be totaled for each respondent to create an overall score of prejudice. If we had five  statements and a respondent answered strongly agree to each item, his or her overall prejudice score would be 20, indicating a very high degree of prejudice against women. Bogardus Social Distance Scale The Bogardus social distance scale was created by sociologist Emory S. Bogardus as a technique for measuring the willingness of people to participate in social relations with other kinds of people. (Incidentally, Bogardus established one of the first departments of sociology on American soil at the University of Southern California in 1915.) Quite simply, the scale invites people to state the degree to which they are accepting of other groups. Let’s say we are interested in the extent to which Christians in the U.S. are willing to associate with Muslims. We might ask the following questions: Are you willing to live in the same country as Muslims?Are you willing to live in the same community as Muslims?Are you willing to live in the same neighborhood as Muslims?Are you willing to live next door to a Muslim?Are you willing to let your son or daughter marry a Muslim? The clear differences in intensity suggest a structure among the items. Presumably, if a person is willing to accept a certain association, he is willing to accept all those that precede it on the list (those with lesser intensities), though this is not necessarily the case as some critics of this scale point out. Each item on the scale is scored to reflect the level of social distance, from 1.00 as a measure of no social distance (which would apply to question 5 in the above survey), to 5.00 measuring maximize social distance in the given scale (though the level of social distance could be higher on other scales). When the ratings for each response are averaged, a lower score indicates a greater level of acceptance than does a higher score. Thurstone Scale The Thurstone scale, created by Louis Thurstone, is intended to develop a format for generating groups of indicators of a variable that have an empirical structure among them. For example, if you were studying discrimination, you would create a list of items (10, for example) and then ask respondents to assign scores of 1 to 10 to each item. In essence, respondents are ranking the items in order of the weakest indicator of discrimination all the way to the strongest indicator. Once the respondents have scored the items, the researcher examines the scores assigned to each item by all the respondents to determine which items the respondents agreed upon most. If the scale items were adequately developed and scored, the economy and effectiveness of data reduction present in the Bogardus social distance scale would appear. Semantic Differential Scale The semantic differential scale asks respondents to answer a questionnaire and choose between two opposite positions, using qualifiers to bridge the gap between them. For instance, suppose you wanted to get respondents’ opinions about a new comedy television show. Youd first decide what dimensions to measure and then find two opposite terms that represent those dimensions. For example, enjoyable and unenjoyable, funny and not funny, relatable and not relatable. You would then create a rating sheet for respondents to indicate how they feel about the television show in each dimension. Your questionnaire would look something like this:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very Much  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Somewhat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neither  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Somewhat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very MuchEnjoyable  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UnenjoyableFunny  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not FunnyRelatable  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unrelatable

English Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Hamlet - Essay Example One thing which stands out in the play is the ability of Shakespeare to manipulate the language; this has been very effectively done in the play. The play is based upon revenge; Hamlet takes revenge of his father's death in the play. Revenge is a very dangerous motive but a very powerful one. This paper will throw light upon the fates of the characters of Hamlet, did they deserve what they got. A comprehensive analysis will be provided on the same. Let's now take into consideration the character of Hamlet, as discussed earlier, it can be easily made out that Hamlet was an impulsive person. His Father was the king of Denmark and he was killed by Claudius, who has now become the king by marrying Hamlet's mother. A ghost tells Hamlet that his father was murdered by King Claudius and this allegation was later proved. Based on this assumption that Claudius killed his father, Hamlet decides to take revenge of the death of his father. Hamlet's rash actions go on to decide his fate. In the sense that he succeeds in killing King Claudius but prior to this Hamlet ends up killing innocent old man by the name Polonius. Hamlet decides not to kill Claudius while he was praying; this causes an unnecessary delay and only goes on to make the readers believe that the actions of Hamlet were very Impulsive. To conclude with the character of Hamlet it can be said that since revenge was his sole aim, no one could have predicted the future and there are risks involved when a person seeks revenge, so it is fair to say that the death of Hamlet was not surprising as a reader and he pretty much deserved it. This is purely based on the fact that anything can happen when one seeks revenge. Let's now take into consideration the character of Claudius, the villain in Hamlet. He is a very lustful and shrewd character in the play; the same also makes him different from all the other male characters in the play. He is a different male character in the play because all the other male characters in the play strive for justice and moral balance. The readers get a very positive opinion about Claudius initially; he gives a very impressive speech addressing some of the most important issues like death of his brother (Hamlet's Father) and the tensed situation with Norway. Claudius is seen to be putting his mind to good use in the play, he makes the people comfortable because he knew that failing to do so may lead to a rebellion as there was a change in the government and this was because he took over the throne, so to safeguard his interest he cleverly makes the people comfortable so as to make sure that no conflict at a later stage arises. "His speech juxtaposes the people's loss with the new beginning they will have under his care, and he uses the death of Hamlet's father to create a sense of national solidarity, "the whole kingdom/to be contracted in one brow of woe" (Claudius, 11 October 2008). Claudius should be looked at a multi faced villain who lets his desires get the better of him. Considering the fact that he kills Hamlet's father, the ex king of Denmark. He deserves what he gets in the play. He deserved to be killed for the murder of Hamlet's father, so it is very fair to say that he got what he deserved. Polonius is a very corrupt character in Hamlet, he betrays people whom he should be loyal to. He is a hypocrite, his sole aim was to make sure th

Reliability & Maintenance of Solar or Wind renewable energy systems Research Paper - 1

Reliability & Maintenance of Solar or Wind renewable energy systems - Research Paper Example Every failure has a cost attached to it. The principal reliability-linked factors of cost through the useful life of an item being Design & Development, Production and Maintenance & Repair, evaluated in the backdrop of installation and environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, vibration, corrosion by chemical attack etc. and the degradation caused by the combination of a few or all of them. A higher reliability invariably envisages higher production, design and development costs, whereas, appropriately factored-in maintenance and repair costs can lead to higher levels of reliability. In the context of non-sustainability of the current energy practices, dawning of global awareness that renewable energy sources are the only way out, has led to a sensible emphasis on solar energy as one of the (wind energy being the other) most abundant and attractive renewable energy source, easily available for harnessing. In the scenario of rapidly depleting natural energy sources like coa l, oil and natural gas, the solar option has presented itself as an alternative which is being vigorously pursued for viability for commercial exploitation in the longer run. A system that uses solar cells and solar panels in a mechanical system that collects, transforms DC current into AC current and stores the electricity for later use is often called Active Solar Energy. The deeper â€Å"Bath Tub† assumes the shape of a â€Å"Shallow Pan† in the case of static equipments predominantly deployed for renewable energy applications, as far as reliability is concerned; the failure zones in this case are therefore not pronounced. Listed below are a few indicative amongst the many, though not exhaustive, but popular applications: Solar air conditioning Solar ovens for heating of foodstuffs Agricultural irrigation Hydrogen generation by the use of photo-electro-chemical cells The following applications however stand out amongst the most popular commercial applications: 1. Ge neration of electricity in Solar updraft towers Solar towers use an array of reflectors termed ‘heliostats’, approximately 120 sq. meters in size. Located on top of 150 meters tall towers within receptacles, these are directed towards the sun for direct absorption of the heat of the concentrated solar radiation. Operating temperatures close to 1000oC can be attained depending upon the choice of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) which in turn also decides the design of the receptacle, lined with the very best quality insulation material for optimum performance. High reliability is foreseen at the design stage itself. Likely failure points are identified in advance using the FMECA (Failure Mode Criticality and Effect Analysis) technique and appropriate specification de-rating vis-a-vis the liberal vendor rating is resorted to, for ensuring realistic unhindered performance. Finite element thermal simulation and sensitivity analysis to comply with the thermal specifications als o forms part of the internal product review. External third party assessment provides inputs for MTBF (Mean Time between Failures) calculation for useful lifetime assessment, maintainability and manufacturing as part of an iterative design process for consistent improvement of product designs and individual components. Selection of the most appropriate materials of construction of all the components of solar renewable energy systems forms the last

Tanning Beds Essay Example for Free

Tanning Beds Essay Have you ever been tanning? I have been tanning multiple times and I love it. Tanning is defined as â€Å"A structure lined with sunlamps in which one stands or reclines in order to acquire a suntan†. Tanning’s purpose as it is defined is to get a tan. Tanning beds are used by people to tan all year around. Men and women are no longer forced to make time to tan outside or to schedule a time around the weather because of tanning beds. Another reason tanning beds are convenient is it only takes a short amount of time to show results when regularly you would have to lay outside for hours before you see results. In this paper, I am going to evaluate tanning where it came from, who invented it, where, and why. Last but not least were going to be looking at the positive and the negative aspects of tanning too. The history of tanning beds begins with Friedrich Wolff. Friedrich Wolff was a German scientist who invented the tanning bed in 1978. Friedrich invented this on accident. He did this when he was doing a study on the positive side effects of ultraviolet light on athletes. Then he noticed a side effect about the skin when under ultraviolet light, he saw that the skin became a nice tan color. Later on he eventually brought the tanning industry to America. Years later to present day tanning has become a huge business, and a common hobby throughout not only the United States but the world. On the contrary, there are plenty of health risks when operating a tanning bed. Some people consider that tanning beds are detrimental to the health of all users. One of the major health risks that someone can get from tanning is skin cancer. The AAD state that â€Å"the number of skin cancers have  been raising over the years due to increasing exposure to UV radiation from the sun, tanning beds, and sun lamps†. At hand are two kinds of skin cancer: melanoma and non-melanoma. Melanoma is the most serious and life threatening form of skin cancer. Then non-melanoma is most common skin cancers, which are not as severe as melanoma. Astoundingly, more than one million cases of non-melanoma skin cancers are found each year and are considered to be sun related. This evidence from studies are shocking because so many people tan but they overlook the risks. In addition, there are other long term effects of ultraviolet radiation which include sunburn, eye damage, premature aging of the skin, and phototoxic reactions. I have tanned off and on for the last five years, and the only noticeable effect I have received from tanning is sunburns and occasionally skin reactions from certain tanning lotions. In spite of that, with tanning there are positive effects as well. One is nutritional health; The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates sixty percent of the United States population is not receiving enough Vitamin D. This shows that Vitamin D is essential to the body’s health. Vitamin D has positive effects on keeping your blood level sustained and promotes healthy bones. Furthermore, another positive effect from tanning is the emotional and physical attributes it gives. Emotionally tanning can give you the sense of looking good, but also emotionally it can boost and give you positive feelings. Then that will make you a happier person. Finally, tanning can physically give you better looking skin and also a nice brown skin. .To begin with, every tanning salon has a different aspect that draws attention to the customer. My place of choice is Tan Connection, which is located off of tenth and girls school road. The address is 7329 W. 10th St. Indianapolis, IN, 46214-2515 and the phone number is (317) 271-9828. What caught my eye about this certain salon was the employee, the set up of the salon and the cleanliness. The employees are very friendly and enthusiastic that it makes that whole visit worthwhile. Walking into the salon you see this beautiful waterfall with the perfect lighting, palm trees, and magnificent rock surrounding it all. Not only does the inside look beautiful  but the outside has a walkway and flags and employees leading you inside. The salon itself is picturesque. The way the salon looks inside and outside is my number one observation. If the salon looks like a dump then more than likely the service will too. Also, cleanliness of a salon has a big effect on how I choose where to go. Usually if the floors, windows, and bathrooms are dirty then that probably means they don’t clean the beds that often. Clean beds are something everybody wants when tanning because you don’t know if the last person that was in there had some sort of disease or illness. Tan Connection definitely has clean beds: for one, you can smell when you walk in the room, for two they have cleaning supply in the room with towels, finally they offer to even clean again right before you tan. Tan Connection would be the tanning salon I would recommend to anyone. To conclude, as you can tell by evaluating tanning beds there is controversy on whether tanning is good or bad. When Friedrich Wolff invented tanning accidently, he created a whole new world of social behavior and business. Now today’s society, it is common for people to tan several times a week. Some people know the health risk and choose not to change. On the other hand, I believe tanning is acceptable to a certain point. I think tanning is good for getting Vitamin D, and also I believe it is good emotionally and physically. Conversely, I think there is a certain point when tanning should be set to a limit. You do not want to tan too much because then it is unhealthy. It is terrible for the skin and the immune system and overall detrimental when overexposed to tanning.

The Power of Fate and Karma in Macbeth Essay examples -- fate, karma,

Throughout life, many of us will find ourselves in some of the worst situations that leave us wondering who’s to blame. The truth is that the misfortunes that befall us are due to our own actions and sometimes due to fate or bad luck. Fate is one person's destiny and it can not be understood by simple mortals but a greater power beyond human comprehension. Fate is so powerful that it can control a person's outcome on life before it happens. Many people tend to become victims of fate in which they catch a glimpse of what their future is going to look like, but do not totally take hold of the outcome. Macbeth can not fully realize the possible outcome of his fate because he is human, and therefore is a victim to his power driven mission and his ultimate fate. Macbeth's conscience overrides Lady Macbeth's power, filling him with regret and sorrow. He fears what could happen to him in the life to come, with thoughts of an uncertain destiny which worries him while all of his dirty deeds may come back to haunt him. Irony takes place especially when the king thinks th...

Pricing policies Essay

The main Factors that affect the price being charged by your chosen business for their product/service The pricing decisions for a product are affected by internal and external factors. A. Internal Factors 1. Cost While fixing the prices of a product, the firm should consider the cost involved in producing the product. This cost includes both the variable and fixed costs. Thus, while fixing the prices, the firm must be able to recover both the variable and fixed costs. 2. The predetermined objectives While fixing the prices of the product, the marketer should consider the objectives of the firm. For instance, if the objective of a firm is to increase return on investment, then it may charge a higher price, and if the objective is to capture a large market share, then it may charge a lower price. 3. Image of the firm The price of the product may also be determined on the basis of the image of the firm in the market. For instance, HUL and Procter Gamble can demand a higher price for th eir brands, as they enjoy goodwill in the market. 4. Product life cycle The stage at which the product is in its product life cycle also affects its price. For instance, during the introductory stage the firm may charge lower price to attract the customers, and during the growth stage, a firm may increase the price. 5. Credit period offered The pricing of the product is also affected by the credit period offered by the company. Longer the credit period, higher may be the price, and shorter the credit period, lower may be the price of the product. 6. Promotional activity The promotional activity undertaken by the firm also determines the price. If the firm incurs heavy advertising and sales promotion costs, then the pricing of the product shall be kept high in order to recover the cost. B. External Factors 1. Competition While fixing the price of the product, the firm needs to study the degree of competition in the market. If there is high competition, the prices may be kept low to effectively face the competition, and if competition is low, the prices may be kept high. 2. Consumers The marketer should consider various consumer factors while fixing the prices. The consumer factors that must be considered includes the price sensitivity of the buyer, purchasing power, and so on. 3. Government control Government rules and regulation must be considered while fixing the prices. In certain products, government may announce administered prices, and therefore the marketer has to consider such regulation while fixing the prices.

Journal Entry Week One

The culture goes back through time. Assayer (2013) stated, â€Å"Egypt continuous cultural tradition?lasting over 3,000 years? Is history's clearest example of how peace and prosperity go hand in hand with cultural stability† (p. 28). There are many fascinating facets from the way Egyptians lived from the building of the pyramids to the burial of their leaders.It amazes me to know a society can build such structures without the modern day machinery that we have today. The passion they had for life and displaying that In the way they lived as written on the walls of heir pyramids. One of the Inaccuracies of these Images Is they are exactly the same. All the figures have the same body structure and build. Male and female resemble each other In such a way that the only way to tell them apart Is by their facial hair.All of the Images are depicted facing to the right or left and having the same size. This Is still a mystery as to why their depiction of their people Is of this natur e. The Egyptians went through droughts with the water system and developed and depended on an irrigation system that provided their society with water. This is just en of the many important aspects of the Egyptians that help to make them unique. The Egyptians also found uses for metals and were able to manipulate these metals into jewelry and amour.Their leaders were buried in tombs and the organs separated into jars made out of precious metals and Jewels. The heart was weighed as a part off balance system during the burial. The sun was an important part of their lives and even treated as a god. All these different aspects of the Egyptian culture made up who they were as a society thousands of years ago.

A Rose For Emily Essays

A Rose For Emily Essays A Rose For Emily Essay A Rose For Emily Essay A Rose for Emily, Reader Response Critique Using reader response criticism, the reader can analyze William Faulkners A Rose for Emily through characters, action, and secrets or hidden meanings. The reader can analyze a lot about A Rose for Emily through the characters and make many connections to them and the story. For example, for a period of the story William Faulkner described Emilys appearance as bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water and of that pallid hue. This appearance made it seem like Emily as already dead so it can be said that she was very depressed. Another character that some people can relate to is Homer. In the story he could be considered the opposite of Emily. Emily being quite and dignified, Homer himself had remarked he liked men, and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elks club that he was not a marrying man. He is the complete opposite of Emily who is a refined lady. Some people could see this and know it wouldnt work out because of the type of person Homer is. What is additionally needed for the reader to analyze A Rose for Emily is the action. A decent grasp of the type of person Emily is can be gained based on how she reacted when her father died. Instead of going into depression or getting angry like some people, she denied it. She told them that her father was not dead. She did that for three days, , trying to persuade her to let them dispose of the body. A large quantity of people when faced with something bad want to ignore it and hope it goes away. The towns peoples personality can also be een though their action. During the story a weird smell started to emanate from Emilys house and the people did what you least would expect of them. The first thing someone did was A neighbor, a woman, complained to the mayor, Judge Stevens, eighty years old. This woman went behind Emilys back by complaining to the city instead of telling her. Using reader response criticism, the reader can analyze William Faulkners A Rose for Emily through characters, action, and secrets or hidden meanings. From reading A Rose for Emily, people will better understand how to nalyze people and Judge someone based on their actions and what caused them to do that action. If the reader seriously analyses and connects to the story they will also get a better understanding of how people think and understand hidden meanings behind things in life. A Rose for Emily helps people understand that there are many different people in the world and you must change how you deal with each of these people. Its even more significant that readers can learn from this story and hopefully do better and use what they learned in real life. A Rose For Emily By lizziedurrett

Abstruse and Obtuse

Abstruse and Obtuse Abstruse and Obtuse Abstruse and Obtuse By Maeve Maddox Some writers seem to be confusing obtuse with the word abstruse, as in these incorrect examples on the web: Believe it or not, the American public wasnt always in love with Alfred Hitchcock. Because his movies were often too intelligent or obtuse, he had more fans in the film elite than he did in the general public. Grizz tends to make Shakespeare-esque, outsider-looking-in type observations about the situations at hand, while Dot Com spouts highly intelligent, yet obtuse references that send you (or maybe just me) to Google. Having finally struggled through Ulysses, and yes it was a struggle, I had no patience at all for FINNEGANS WAKE, which is even more obtuse. Has anyone actually read it? All of it? I chide Brad DeLong all the time for making excuses for Greenspan’s thick, obtuse, obscurant speech. In each of these examples, the context calls for a word that means difficult to understand. That word is abstruse: The mistake of using abstruse where obtuse is intended seems to be less common, but it happens: It is really abstruse to find Avatar not grabbing anything from the Oscars. It was altogether a new theme with a lot of innovations This movie fan seems to be reaching for obtuse, a word that means lacking in perception, stupid. Bottom line: Barely comprehensible language is abstruse. Stupid people are obtuse. Note: Obtuse derives from Latin obtusus, blunted, dull. An obtuse angle is blunt, as opposed to being sharp. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, Whetherâ€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†How Do You Determine Whether to Use Who or Whom?

Market Segmentation and domino effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Market Segmentation and domino effect - Essay Example The strategy formulation is when the revelation of business strengths and weaknesses, for the growth of a wide range of strategic plans for the successful administration of environmental openings and threats. The corporate projects are redefined by signifying attainable goals, emergent strategies, and setting execution procedure. Strategy formulation is germane both for organization's proposal in general and for individual product. Economic Conditions: economic conditions of the area or territory where the company market their product can affect the sales of the product. Thus it is important to understand the economic conditions such as unemployment rate, inflation rate, interest rate etc. before launching the product Innovation is the process of creating a commercial product or process and also an invention of the product. Thus, in terms of creating value, an invention's potential is reached only when a firm develops and sells a product that satisfies customer's current or unmet needs. McDonalds is known a the most popular fast food chain, with more than 3000 franchises in almost every country of the world. The global annual sale of McDonald is 57 billion dollars while more than 25 billion dollars only in America (Arndt, 2007: 64-72). Committed to stringent standards of product quality, service and cleanliness, McDonalds uses value pricing (the source of relatively low costs to customers) while offering menu and storefront variety and relying on the power of its brand name (sources of differentiation). Globally, McDonalds seeks to provide its combination of relatively low costs and some levels of differentiation in a culturally sensitive manner. In India, for example, the Maharaja Mac, which is made from lamb, substitute for the beef-based Big Mac. Popular corn soup is offered on the chain's menu in its Japanese units (MacArthur, 2001:13 -53). McDonalds marketing strategy mainly focus on children, parents having young children, teenagers and business workers. Market Segmentation for McDonald's new burger The company which practice the strategy of market segmentation is discouraging broad segmentations sections because minor segmentation helps in focusing and better understanding of the consumers. An advertising company states, "there will be no market for products that everybody likes a little, only for products that somebody likes a lot" (Cutler, p.76, 1989). While other marketers are of the view that market segmentations are very important (Linneman & Stanton, 1991: 50-67). McDonald has been in the fast food industry for a long time and it has ample experience of new food products. Statistics have depicted that the size of fast food industry has reached, to the annual growth of 4.8% in the industry of fast food. McDonald's per year income is almost 102.4 billion dollars, along with the global

A Case study of Educational standards in academic institutions Essay

A Case study of Educational standards in academic institutions - Essay Example Such people quote the opinions of British council of education like agencies; UK has an outstanding global reputation for innovative research and the delivery of quality education and UK qualifications are recognised and respected throughout the world (British Council, n. d), to strengthen their argument. On the other hand, critics of current education system believe that the current educational methods are drilling people to answer "undemanding questions to satisfy the needs of league tables and national targets" and the pupil have less ideas about how to solve problems, use critical thinking or apply mathematics in science etc. Even the better teachers forced to teach to the test to meet the demands of school league tables which draws mainly on the recalling of facts, with no reference to logic or mathematics (BBC News, 2008). As stated above the educational standards in UK is debatable as many educationalists differ in their opinions. Different studies yielded different results and it is necessary to research about the standards of education in UK at present to give the educationalists and the public more comprehensive ideas about the British education system. This research addresses the core questions like; Do the educational standards in UK going up or down? What are the merits and demerits of British educational system at present? What are the major issues in British educational system at present? What about the cost factor and the quality of education in UK at present? Guskey (2008) has defined educational standards as the goals of teaching and learning. He has also pointed out that the major issues prevailing in educational system at present are with respect to the standards (Guskey, 2008, p.1). The call for higher educational standards is a never ending one. The scope or space for improvement in educational system is immense as knowledge is exploding from all the corners, virtually in every minute/second. It is difficult to change the

Around the World in 80 Days & Brave New World Essay

Around the World in 80 Days & Brave New World - Essay Example The advancements that are made in the field of medicine in Huxley’s book as well as its concepts standardization in educational matters present radical similarities to the modern European society as well. These congruenceis are elucidated by Sir Ken Robinson in his discussions on education. Through these scholastic perceptions, it is clearly seen that the book is a hazardously correct prophesy of technology’s capability to control the society, and how this control is silently bringing a change to the values, goals, and moralities, of the European culture (Huxley, 1998). The main themes that are prevalent throughout the Brave New World book, are centered around economic and industrial systems, and how the new technology has influenced the developments of these themes to completion. The society’s mentality is that the progress that is made through invention is the key goal of mankind. Productivism and Consumerism are the meaning of life in Huxley’s industrial ideal place. The consumerist goals of the nation can be obtained by hypnopaedia proverbs that are demonstrated by quote from the book that states that old clothes are beastly and that old clothes are always thrown away. It is better to end rather than to amend (Huxley, 1998). These phrases are found in page fifty-four of the book. It further appeared to be understood that the technological process engine operated most efficiently when individuals are considered of, not as Gods children or indeed as citizens but as users, this is found on page forty-two. This aspect explains with pi npoint precision how the society of Huxley’s operates. Those in the society are no longer determined to believe in god, but rather believe only in the consumption principles (Huxley, 1998). The weaker ranks in Huxley’s community are simple workers who comprise large numbers of drones and one-task intellectuals. The key to the structure of the economy is the mass

Sustainable Dive Tourism in the Red Sea

Sustainable Dive Tourism in the Red Sea Abstract Research has shown that the marine and coral habitats within the Red Sea are being subjected to levels of damage from the effects of diving activities in the areas that cannot be sustained in the long term. With this area of tourism set to increase dramatically within the next decade, there is an urgent need for the industry stakeholders and environment organisations to work together to develop and implement sustainable diving tourism policies that will allow the marine eco-system to recover, or at least halt the current pace of degradation. The research findings from this study show that there is a general willingness on the part of the diving consumer to accept the need for such protection policies. At present, this is not a position that is shared by all of the industry shareholders. This study highlights the fact that there is an urgent need for dive tourism stakeholders, irrespective of this individual goal, to work together in partnership in order to develop systems and policies that will preserve and protect the fascinating marine and coral life that exists beneath the Red Sea for the enjoyment of future generations. Table of Contents (Jump to) Abstract Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 Overview Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Marine tourism environmental issue 2.3 Marine environment protection 2.4 Sustainable diving tourism 2.5 The Red Sea and diving tourism 2.6 Summary Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Choice of research method 3.3 The questionnaires and interviews 3.4 Performance of the research Chapter 4 Research Findings 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Response to corporate questionnaire 4.3 Response to dive club questionnaire Chapter 5 Analysis and discussion of findings 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Research findings 5.3 Discussion Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction As most academics acknowledge, including Brown (2000), Ryan and Page (2000) and Mowforth and Munt (2003), since the liberalisation of transport in the middle part of the last century, tourism has become the world’s fastest growing and largest industry. This is evidenced by the fact that over the past two and a half decades international tourist arrivals have grown by nearly threefold (Weaver 2005, p.2) and by 2020 this figure is expected to exceed 1.6 billion. As El-Adli and Bashandy (2003) rightly observe, globalisation and technological advances, which allowed international travel to become accessible to the masses, has been partially responsible for fuelling this growth pattern. Initially, this expansion of tourism took the form of mass excursions, such as package tours with travellers flocking to the areas of beach, sea and sun, usually for a two week summer vacation. However, more recently an increasing number of tourists have become more discerning. Encouraged by media attention on exotic locations, the mass tourist sector has given way to the traveller seeking a new and more fulfilling experience, wanting to explore natural habitats that are foreign to their domestic experiences. As a result, due to the uniqueness of their climate and geographical position, the world’s developing countries have become the focus for those travellers who want to experience firsthand the wonders of nature and its exotic species of fauna and wildlife (Mowforth and Munt (2003, p.1). One area of nature that has particularly attracted the attention of this new breed of tourist is the growing interest in experiencing the beauty of marine life in its natural setting. This has led to an explosion of diving tourism throughout many areas of the world, particularly the marine reef regions off the coasts of countries like Australia, the Caribbean and the Middle East, which boast some of the worlds most unusual and exotic species of underwater plants, fishes and marine life. For many thousands of people, diving in exotic locations throughout the world is a tourism experience that cannot be equalled by any other water sport or leisure activity, hence its increasing popularity. Perhaps understandably, considering the recent increase in concerns about the damage that human activity is causing to the planet and its natural environment, it was not surprising that the explosion of marine tourism attracted the attention of environmentalists, concerned about whether the natural environment could survive the impact of this growth. This has led to a plethora of research studies during the past two decades seeking to assess the level of damage marine tourism is causing to the inhabitants of these natural environments. The consensus is that the present growth rate poses a real threat to marine life and that measures need to be adopted within the tourist industry that will reduce and reverse these risks (Weaver 2005). In other words diving tourism must move to adopt and implement a more sustainable policy. In defining what is meant by sustainable tourism, McKercher (quoted in Ryan and Page 2000, p.157) provided the following explanation: â€Å"Sustainable tourism is defined as when tourism is sustainable, the natural and cultural resources and the environmental, social and economic well-being of an area are maintained forever.† However, with the international tourism industry having effectively been given a â€Å"free reign to develop throughout the world† (El-Adli and Bashandy 2003, p.1), the difficulties being faced is how to resolve the conflicting demands of all the stakeholders within the marine destinations in order to reach agreement upon policies that will address the conflicts of over-use and environmental damage. As some academics remark, there are those who argue that the term sustainable cannot be applied to an industry that is seeing almost unparalleled growth and which, by its very nature, demands environmental damage as infrastructure is created to house these tourists (Wahab and Pigrim 1997, p.2). Others believe that it is imperative that new sustainable tourism products are designed to limit the environment damage being caused to marine destinations (Buhalis and Costa 2006, p.4). However, as these authors admit (ibid, p.230), the problem is how to resolve the dichotomy of creating pr oducts that meet tourists goals and ensure sustainable growth. It is the issue of balancing the needs of the marine environment with those of the tourism industry, particularly as it relates to diving, that has prompted this research study. To provide a focus for this research it is intended to use the Red Sea area of the Middle East as a case study. The reason for this choice can be found in Sarha et al’s (2004, p.1) overview of the area, which can be summarised as follows: The Red Sea is one of the most important repositories It has attracted a significant increase in tourist activity, particularly diving Tourism accounts for 10% of Egypt’s GDP and 4% of employment 1.2 Aims and Objectives With the concentration of this research being related to the Red Sea, the aim of the study is to identify the level of damage being caused to the marine environment within this destination and to evaluate the current level of sustainable measure that are being introduced to address these issues. From this evaluation the research will provide an assessment of the effectiveness of sustainable diving tourism in the region. To assist in focusing upon and achieving the aims outlined above, the following objectives have been set for the research being conducted: Marine environment To provide an overview of the marine environment, which will include an examination of the types and causes of the damage that is being done to this environment and the programmes designed to address this problem. Diving Tourism To provide a greater understanding of the attractions and component factors related to diving tourism, specifically its relationship to exotic locations. This will include an overview of the current standards that are applicable within this sector of the tourism industry Sustainable tourism for the diving industry To assess and evaluate the current sustainable programmes that are being recommended and introduced into diving tourism. The assessment will consider measures being considered by all stakeholders, including the diving industry, tour operators, destination managers and the international community. In all of the above objectives particularly attention will be paid to their relationship to the Red Sea marine environment in the Middle East. 1.3 Overview In chapter two a critical literature is undertaken, which is intended to focus upon the main issues that arise from the aims and objectives of the research question, namely the environmental impact of marine and coastal tourism. This review will also focus upon the contribution that diving has upon this situation and an examination of the diving tourism in the Red Sea area together with an overview of some of the actions that are being taken to address this problem. Chapter three provides an overview of the methodology used for this research, which includes and explanation of the reasons for this choice and the process by which secondary and primary data was collected, analysed and evaluated. Following on from the methodology outline, the findings from the analysis of both the secondary and primary researches are presented in chapter four and these are discussed in detail in the following chapter (5). The research is then brought to a conclusion in chapter six, where appropriate obse rvations and recommendations are made. Attached to the main body of this research is a bibliography of the resources relied upon for the study together with appendices containing other information that is considered of value. This includes copies of the primary questionnaires and interview transcripts. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction As previously mentioned, sustaining the natural habit of the marine environment in the face of its increasing attractiveness to tourists, particularly divers, has become a contentious issue. There are many stakeholders to consider when looking at the process of sustainable tourism and, achieving a balance between financial reliance and environmental protection, especially if the resort has no prior knowledge in dealing with these issues, has proved to be fraught with difficulty (Weaver 2005, p. 26 and 61). This critical literature review is intended to consider the currently published arguments and discussions that address these various issues and provide a deeper understanding of the problems that need to be resolved with all the wide variety of stakeholders. 2.2 Marine tourism environmental issue The marine environment forms an important part of the world’s eco-systems. It not only provides a source of food and other natural resources for some of the world’s population, but also is in itself a living environment that is home to wide range of underwater plants and living creatures. Each of these relies upon the other for their continued life (Cote and Reynolds 2006, Carleton Ray and McCormick-Ray 2004 and Roberts 2007). Furthermore, it also influences the CO2 levels within the atmosphere. The bio-diversity that exists beneath the oceans can therefore be seen to be important to the natural balance of the planet and any issue or activity that upsets this balance is likely to have serious consequences to the long-term health of the world and its population. Of particular importance to this research is the area of the marine environment that includes the coral reef eco-system, as this is the area that attracts the highest level of tourist involvement, attracting millions of visitors each year. As can be seen in from table Table 2 included in appendix 1, there are a number of coral reefs world wide, covering a total area of just under 285,000 km2. The eco-system of the coral reef is unique in the diverse level of services these regions perform within the biodiversity systems and the range of products it contains (see table 1). There have been countless studies over recent years that have recorded the levels of damage that can be caused to coral reef and the manner in which this affects the ability of the reefs to sustain their eco-systems in the longer term. The studies of Jameson et al (2007), Cesar (2003), and Agarwal and Shaw (2007) are amongst recent academics who warn that ignoring these issues will have serious adverse consequences. Although causes of damage have been highlighted to include such factors as increases in carbon emissions, the consequence of air and sea travel and marine faming and fishing, diving tourism has also been shown to have a direct impact on the reef in this respect. Consequently it has generated its own expanding area of research attention (Ryan and Page 2000, p.275). In general it is considered that damage from diving tourism manifests itself in the activities of several industry stakeholders: The diving fraternity Numerous academic studies have been conducted to assess the level of damage caused to the coral reef by divers (Cesar 2003, Barker and Roberts 2004 amongst others). Most have concluded that inexperience within this marine environment is one of the root causes of this damage (Barker and Roberts 2004, p.482). Hawkins and Roberts (quoted in Cesar 2003), attributed 95% of all diver coral damage being the result of misuse of fins and hands, for example by kicking or brushing against the coral or using hands to grab onto coral and propel the diver through the water. In addition, lack of care with equipment is another contributory factor. Lack of buoyancy training or knowledge will often result in a situation where a diver’s scuba equipment will knock or fall against the coral, causing breakages. These results are confirmed by other studies carried out by Barker and Roberts (2004), who recorded 261 incidences of contact being made with the coral whilst observing 353 active divers, in other words incidences were occurring in approach 74% of dives. However, the also found that when accompanied by guides, this level of accident fell by around 80% (barker and Roberts 2004, pp. 485 and 488). This proved to the authors that guided dives were an important element of marine protection policies. The destination resort Increased levels of diving tourism have had an impact upon the local infrastructure of the resorts. To meet the demands of these tourists, in some cases sand is being taken from the beaches in order to fulfil construction requirements for projects such as hotels (Gladstone 2000, p.1023). In other words, through these and other actions, â€Å"resort hotels and other service providers and retailers are damaging the reefs to provide their businesses with better opportunities† (Mowforth and Munt 2003, 282). Furthermore, the continual expansion of tourism resorts in coastal areas is creating more â€Å"sewage and other rubbish than local infrastructures can handle† (Brown 2000, p.48), which means that some of this effluence is finding its way into the seas surrounding the coral reefs. The level of waste that is being produced increases the incidence of damage caused to the fragile eco-system of the coral reefs. Tour operators Tour operators, whether these are international tour companies or local tour operators such as diving clubs are also criticised by the environment community, mainly because of the damage their methods of operations cause to marine sites. This criticism relates generally to two main issues. The first is the lack of knowledge and training that they provide to the diving tourist and indeed the lack of supervision (Agarwal and Shaw 2007). Research like that undertaken by Gladstone (2000) and Wilkinson (2006) indicates that when divers are being instructed and supervised in groups, the level of damage reduces significantly. The other criticism levelled at tour operators is aimed at those who use boats as platforms from which to commence diving excursions. As Weaver (2005, p.83) and Prior et al (1995) point out, the dropping and dragging of anchors can and does damage corals. This area of activity has increased recently because beaches have become more exclusive in some exotic areas, Restricted from beach access, independent operators have had no choice but to move their operations to sea (Hess and El-bakry2007). National and local authorities The other stakeholder who actions, or inactions, have an impact upon the marine coral reef environment are the local and national governments and authorities. The problem in this respect is often related to the condition of the national economy and that country’s position in terms of economic growth compared with other nations (Cote and Reynolds 2006). Many coral reefs are situated close to developing countries. Many governments in developing countries, either due to lack of resources and the need for the revenue produced from marine tourism, lack the â€Å"political will† or inclination to take steps to protect the marine environment, irrespective of the consequences (Wilkinson 2006 and Roberts 2007). As can be seen, the actions of all of the above contributing causes of damage are leading to the â€Å"depletion of coral reefs at sea† (Brown 2000, p.69). It is against the difficulties outlined above that marine environmentalists have needed to develop marine protection deemed acceptable by all industry stakeholders. 2.3 Marine environment protection As Cote and Reynolds (2006), Carlton-Ray and McCormick-Ray (2004) and Orams (1999) research reveals, there have been a number of proposals put forward by various interested parties that are designed to reduce the impact of diving tourism on the marine coral reef environment. Some of these measures, including more supervision, charging fees to allow tourists to take part in dives in specific areas and closer control of resort planning regulations had been directly aimed at improving other stakeholders’ behaviour. Some of these, including floating and submerged walkways (El-Adli and Bashandy 2003), are designed to improve environment use and enjoyment. However, other protection measures have been more restrictive. For example, a method of zoning is being implemented in a number of marine areas, which are seen as a means of prohibiting diving in areas that are considered particularly sensitive. Similarly, the use of mooring buoys for boats, whilst reducing the damage caused by anchors, can also be used in conjunction with zoning to direct divers away from certain marine areas (El-Adli and Bashandy 2003). 2.4 Sustainable diving tourism Tourist destinations and tour operators have all be quick to exploit the expansion of recreational diving activities in areas of marine beauty (Wahab and Pigrim 1995, p.284) and that includes enjoying their hobby in the more exotic areas of the world that include the coral reefs eco-systems (Mowforth and Munt 2003, 147). Most observers and academics and observers are of the opinion that if they wish to continue with this pleasure activity, divers and their organisations need to change their practices to a more sustainable form (Mowforth and Munt 2003, p.4). As organisations such as the Coral Reef Alliance (2008) advice suggests, many of these conservation measures are based largely on common sense. For example, perhaps the most basic aspect of advice is that which promotes the learning of skills such as buoyancy and avoiding physical contact with the reef (Kenally 2006). These skills will eliminate damage being caused either by physical or equipment contact. Another aspect of good diving is to stay clear of the sea bed and learn body control that avoids accidental contact (Coral Reef Alliance (2008). In addition to this advice for diving activities whilst in the water, the Coral Reef Alliance (2008), also provides the following recommendations for divers when they are shore-side, which consists of the following: Support coral parks and other conservation projects by: Paying user fees in recognized coral parks and conservation areas that are actively supporting coral reef conservation. Encouraging and supporting the use of dive moorings. Participating in cleanups Volunteering your skills Donating used equipment such as cameras, dive gear or reef ID books. Avoid purchasing souvenirs made from coral, turtles or other marine life -often this is illegal, and it’s never environmentally wise. Speak up; make sure your dive buddies understand these simple but important conservation practices. Source: Coral Reef Alliance (2008) 2.5 The Red Sea and diving tourism A stated previously, the increase in diving tourism is rising exponentially and there is little sign of this rate decreasing in the near future (Gladstone 2000, p. 1016). Although this endangers coral reefs throughout the world, as Prior et al (2007) and Harriott (2002), suggest, one of the most vulnerable sites has to be the Red Sea (see figure 2). As Hess (2007), also explains, because of its location in relation to Europe and other world nations, the coral reefs in the Red Sea act like a magnet in terms of attracting diving tourists, which places an additional burden upon the marine environment. Although, at least up to 2004, the condition and status of the† coral reefs bordering the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden is generally good, with live hard coral cover averaging 20-50%† (Hassan et al 2002), research carried out since that comment was made indicates that there potential issues in terms of diving damage to be addressed in the area. Egypt is planning to continue the expansion of its tourism industry, for which it has set a target of receiving â€Å"16 million tourists by 2017† (Shaalan 2005). A segment of this increased tourist population will be attracted by diving activities, continuing a trend that has been evidenced since the turn of the century (see table 2). Already, with in excess of 250,000 dives per annum along part of the Red Sea coast, other research has revealed disturbing evidence of coral reef damage from diving activities. For example, in a survey conducted by Zakai and Chadwick-Furman (2002, p. 179), significant evidence of diver damage was reported. This survey reported the following conclusions: Around 10 incidents of coral damage per dive, ranging from sediment to contact damage. Damage levels were related directly to the frequency of diving activities, and were not affected by the geographical design of the area. Similarly, contrary to Hassan et al’s (2002) research, a similarly study carried out by Cesar (2003, p. 7), refuted claims that the coral reef remained unaffected, reporting in this case that â€Å"40% of dive sites have less than 30% coral cover, with one third having significant levels or broken and damaged corals.† The consensus of opinion amongst academics who have studied this specific location, which includes Gladstone (2000), Cesar (2003), Zakir and Chadwick-Furman (2002) and Shaalan (2005), is that without the introduction of serious levels of marine protection and diving control policies, the current levels of damage to the marine eco-system in the area will be exacerbate. This might lead to irreparable damage to this environment. As Shaalan (2005) also comment, all of the stakeholders, including the government, tour operators and resort managers and the divers themselves, have a role to play in introducing a range of policies and practices to ensure a level of sustainable tourism will be achieved and halt the current degradation to the coral environment that is taking place. These concerns are aptly summarised by Jameson et al (2007, p. 309) who state that â€Å"From a historical perspective, at the Small Giftun site from 1987 to 1996, percentage hard coral cover decreased by 43% and algal cover increased over fourfold. If the diving tourism industry is to sustain itself in the Egyptian Red Sea, every management effort must be made to minimise controllable sources of stress on the coral reef system.† 2.6 Summary From the analysis and examination of the literature indentified within this chapter, it is apparent that the marine environment is being subjected to environmental damage. Furthermore, whilst there might be some justification for those within the diving community to say that they and their activities are not solely responsible for this damage, to majority of research studied indicates that there are sufficient levels of damage being caused by this sector of the tourism industry to warrant the need for protective action. In addition, current decisions being made regarding the future of tourism in Egypt, which suggests that 55% of the future growth is anticipated to occur within coastal regions along the Red Sea (Hawkins and Roberts 1994), confirm that the urgency of need to implement sustainable practices and policies to protect the marine and coral reef environment in the region. Furthermore, it suggests that the timescale of this introduction is limited. The results of the primary research conducted for this study, which also concentrates upon the Red Sea area (see chapters 4 and 5), will provide an indication of the levels of responsibility felt by stakeholders in the diving sector and the level of their commitment to change. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction The research question chosen for this research, namely to study the impact of diving upon the marine and coral reef environment was motivated by two main situations. Firstly, it is intended to examine this issue in an area that has indicated a preparedness to increase the current levels of diving tourism within the next decade by significant numbers. Secondly, the complexities of stakeholder demands within the region suggest that the creation of marine environmental protection policies that will satisfy the needs and of all those involved. Bearing in mind these limitations, the aim of the research therefore is to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of current and future sustainable tourism policies in the region, specifically those related to the diving sector. There has been a considerable amount of research conducted into the environmental damage being caused to the marine environment and eco-systems of the coral reefs in the Red Sea. However, despite these advances, it is the author’s view that, although the plans and policies for sustainability suggested by various environmental academics are to be applauded, their successful implementation is dependent upon the views of others. Unless agreement is reached between all the stakeholders to take action any new initiative is doomed to failure. Therefore, a major part of the focus of this research project is to assess how and if the views of commercial stakeholders and diving service users, in other words the divers themselves, coincide with those of the policy makers. 3.2 Choice of research method Any study relating to issues of a commercial or economic nature can be conducted through the choice of a number of methods. The options available consists of research study using secondary data collection processes, which can combine a case study investigation with pre-existing literature of sufficient expertise to provide an extensive overview of the subject matter. Alternatively, the research can choose the more focused route of conducting questionnaire and interviews with representatives from the sector being studied. In the case of this specific research into diving in the Red Sea, it was decided that, in isolation, the independent use of one of the above would not provide sufficient depth the research project embarked upon. It was therefore the author’s decision to use a combination of both methods as this was deemed to enable the achievement of a more valued resolution to the research question (Denscombe 1998). In reaching this decision, the author also considered the limitations that can apply to these research methods. For example, one area that is often of concern with the collection of primary data is the achievement of an appropriate sampling that would serve as a sufficient representation for the industry as a whole. The issue to be aware of in this case is to ensure that, whilst the primary process can result in the revelation of data and information that might be difficult to obtain through other methods, its analysis should be kept free from personal or organisational bias. One method of ensuring the lack of bias, which contributed to the author’s choice of research method, is to use the secondary data collected for the process of cross-referencing and comparison with primary findings. This ensures that the research retains a balanced and accurate approach to the issues and results being studied. 3.3 The questionnaires and interviews In view of the issue of diving and marine conservation being studied for this project, the process of primary data collection in this case